How to Prevent Air Pollution Essay Essay Example

How to Prevent Air Pollution Essay Paper Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to theosophists I. E. Physical systems or living organisms. [l] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Indoor Outdoor Air Pollution Introduction: When people think about air pollution, they usually think about smog, acid main, CUFFS, and other forms Of outdoor air pollution. But did you know that air pollution also can exist inside homes and other buildings? It can, and every year, the health of many people is affected by chemical substances present in the air within buildings. A great deal of research on pollution is being conducted at laboratories and universities. The goals of the research are to find solutions and to educate public about the problem. Two places where this type of work is being done are LBS. and the university of California, Berkeley. Lets take a closer look at the various types of air pollution, he effects that they have on people, and what is being (or not being) done to correct the problem. What is Air Pollution? Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99. 9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Prevent Air Pollution Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How to Prevent Air Pollution Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How to Prevent Air Pollution Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and holes in the zone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment. One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of disarticulated matter . The particles are very small pieces of matter measuring about 2. 5 microns or about . 0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as black carbon pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. Some authorities live that even the burning of wood and charcoal in fireplaces and barbeques can release significant quantities of soot into the air. Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain. Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking. In the United States, we spend bout 80-90% of our time inside buildings, and so our exposure to harmful indoor pollutants can be serious. It is therefore important to consider both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Outdoor Air Pollution Smog is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical reactions between pollutants derived from different sources, primarily automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. Cities are often centers of these types of activities, and many suffer from the effects of smog, especially during the warm months of the year. Additional information about smog and its effects are available from Environment Canada and the Air Quality Management District (GAMMA) in southern California. For each city, the exact causes of pollution may be different. Depending on the geographical location, temperature, wind and weather factors, pollution is dispersed differently. However, sometimes this does not happen and the pollution can build up to dangerous levels. A temperature inversion occurs when air close to the earth is cooler than the air above it. Under these conditions the pollution cannot rise and be dispersed. Cities surrounded by mountains also experience trapping of pollution. Inversion can happen in any season. Winter inversions are likely to cause particulate and Cabot monoxide pollution. Summer inversions are more likely to create smog. Another consequence of outdoor air pollution is acid rain. When a pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with droplets of water in the air, the water (or snow) can become acidified . The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious. It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and streams. Damage due to acid rain kills Reese and harms animals, fish, and other wildlife. The U. S. Geological Survey (SWIGS), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Environment Canada are among the organizations that are actively studying the acid rain problem. The Greenhouse Effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. Plants convert carbon dioxide back to oxygen, but the release of carbon dioxide from human activities is higher than the worlds plants can process. The taxation is made worse since many of the earths forests are being removed, and plant life is being damaged by acid rain. Thus, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase. This buildup acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surface of our earth. Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt. One Of the consequences Of polar ice cap melting would be a rise in global sea level, resulting In widespread coastal flooding. ) Additional resources and information about the Greenhouse Effect and global warming are available from the Environmental Defense Fund (EDP), the Science Education Academy of the Bay Area (SABA) and the Society of Environmental Journalists (SEE). Ozone depletion is another result of pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere , one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Release of chlorofluorocarbons (Cuffs) from aerosol cans, cooling systems and refrigerator equipment removes some of the zone, causing holes: to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to reach the earth. Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer and has damaging effects on plants and wildlife. Additional resources and information about the ozone depletion problem are available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Ozone ACTION. Indoor Air Pollution Many people spend large portion of time indoors as much as 80-90% of their lives. We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed environments where air circulation may be restricted. For these reasons, some experts feel that ore people suffer from the effects of indoor air pollution than outdoor pollution. There are many sources of indoor air pollution. Tobacco smoke, cooking and heating appliances, and vapors from building materials, paints, furniture, etc. Cause pollution inside buildings. Radon is a natural radioactive gas released from the earth, and it can be found concentrated in basements in some parts of the united States. Additional information about the radon problem is available from the SWIGS and the Minnesota Radon Project. Pollution exposure at home and work is often greater than outdoors. The California Air Resources Board estimates that indoor air pollutant levels are 25-62% greater than outside levels and can pose serious health problems. Both indoor and outdoor pollution need to be controlled and/or prevented. How can we prevent the damaging effects of air pollution? How can air pollution hurt my health? Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short- term and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. People with health problems such as asthma, heart and lung disease may also suffer more when the air is polluted. The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals, I. E. , the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be taken into account. Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other homonyms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. In the great Smog Disaster in London in 1952, four thousand people died in a few days due to the high concentrations of pollution. Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly. It s estimated that half a million people die prematurely every year in the United States as a result of smoking cigarettes. Research into the health effects of air pollution is ongoing. Medical conditions arising from air pollution can be very expensive. Healthcare costs, lost productivity in the workplace, and human welfare impacts cost billions of dollars each year. Additional information on the health effects of air pollution is available from the Natural Resources Defense Council. A short article on the health effects of ozone (a major component of smog) is available from the B. A. A. Q. M. D. How can we prevent the damaging effects of air pollution? In many countries in the world, steps are being taken to stop the damage to our environment from air pollution. Scientific groups study the damaging effects on plant, animal and human life. Legislative bodies write laws to control emissions. Educators in schools and universities teach students, beginning at very young ages, about the effects of air pollution. The first step to solving air pollution is assessment . Researchers have investigated outdoor air pollution and have developed standards for measuring the type and mount of some serious air pollutants. Scientists must then determine how much exposure to pollutants is harmful. Once exposure levels have been set, steps can be undertaken to reduce exposure to air pollution. These can be accomplished by regulation of man-made pollution through legislation. Many countries have set controls on pollution emissions for transportation vehicles and industry. This is usually done to through a variety of coordinating agencies which monitor the air and the environment. At the United Nations, the Atmosphere Management Programmers out world wide environmental rejects. In the United States, the primary federal agency is the Environmental Protection Agency. Many state and local organizations also participate in monitoring and controlling the environment. These include the San Francisco Bay Areas Air Quality Management District (B. A. AS. M. The Air Quality Management District in southern California, the Environmental Protection Agency of California, Gangbusters of southern California, and the Galveston-Houston Association for Smog Prevention (GASP). Prevention is another key to controlling air pollution. The regulatory agencies mentioned above play an essential role in reducing and preventing air pollution in the environment. In addition, it is possible to prevent many types of air pollution that are not regulated through personal, careful attention to our interactions with the environment. In the United States, most household products come with instructions about safe use. Additional information about product chemical safety are available in an article and a fact sheet from Environ$en$e, and in Material Safety Data Sheets (MASS). Building materials should be reviewed for potential harmful effects. Information on alluding materials can be found in Labels Center for Building Science newsletter. Additional information is available from Cotter. Adequate ventilation is also a key to controlling exposure to indoor air pollution. Home and work environments should be monitored for adequate air flow and proper exhaust systems installed. Additional information is available in a book titled Understanding Ventilation . One of the most dangerous air pollutants is cigarette smoke. Restricting smoking is an important key to a healthier environment.

Angles and Anglos

Angles and Anglos Angles and Anglos Angles and Anglos By Maeve Maddox The word Anglo, like English, derives from the Latin name for one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Britain after the Romans abandoned their colony there. The first documented use of the word Anglii is in a history of the German tribes by the Roman historian Tacitus (56-c.117 CE). The Angles were only one of several Germanic tribes that later settled in Britain after the Romans left, but it is their name that has given us the words England, English, and Anglo. Anglo has various meanings, depending upon context. Anglo as a Combining Form with a Hyphen One use of Anglo is as a combining form to create compounds relating to England, Britain, or the English language. Here are some examples: Despite its sentimentality, â€Å"The Bright Side† is expressive of real moral outrage, and founded largely on valid observation of  the plight of Anglo-Germans during the war. - â€Å"Anglo-Germans† designates people of German origin who were living in England at the outbreak of the war. This work examines aspects of Anglo-French relations since the late eighteenth century.- â€Å"Anglo-French relations†: diplomatic relations between England and France. This book discusses the â€Å"Anglo-Italian† identity politics of post-Napoleonic British expatriates  in Italy.- â€Å"Anglo-Italian† refers to people of English origin living in Italy. Journalist Kris Griffiths was born to a Welsh  father  and  Anglo-Indian  mother.- â€Å"Anglo-Indian† indicates that one of the mother’s parents was British. Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum belongs to the category of Anglo-Latin literature.- â€Å"Anglo-Latin literature† is literature from Britain originally written in Latin. Anglo as a Combining Form without a Hyphen These words are used as nouns and adjectives. Sometimes they are written in lowercase. Here are definitions for their use as nouns: Anglophobe: A person who has a strong aversion or hostility to England (or Britain), its people, culture, etc. Anglophile: A supporter or admirer of England (or Britain), its people, customs, etc. Anglophone: A person who speaks English. Anglosphere: A group of countries that maintain a close affinity of cultural, familial and political links with one another, notably, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Anglo as a Noun In Canada, Anglo refers to an English-speaking Canadian. In India, an Anglo is a person of mixed British and Indian descent. In the United States, Anglo refers to a resident who is not of Hispanic origin. Note: The hyphenated form Anglo-American can refer to a) relations between Great Britain and the United States, b) the culture shared by the United States and Anglo-phone Canada, and c) English-speaking nations in the western hemisphere contrasted with non-English-speaking nations. Related post: Anglos and Saxons Before England Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseOne "L" or Two?

BUSINESS MODEL INTERROGATION & DEVELOPMENT Essay

BUSINESS MODEL INTERROGATION & DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example In other words, the company is not limited to selling of products nor is specifically related to the sale of products instead it carries out both buying and selling of goods. Tesco’s business model is composed of four fundamental activities: buy, insight, sell and move and these four activities collectively work to attain the objective of â€Å"we make what matters better, together† (Tesco Annual Report, 2014). At the same time, the business model encompasses other layers which consist of other strategic values and objectives which collectively make this entire business model work for the co Tesco’s business model is adequate to satisfy the strategic long term business objectives besides serving the short term objectives. For example, the model is composed of four core operations which highlight four different business areas which do not share similar activities instead they have different operational and strategic significance for the company. More clearly, Tesco’s business operations start from the purchase activity in which the company engages with the suppliers of different food products. In this activity, the company looks putting substantial amount of concentration and energy as quality of food products largely relies on the fresh food products which are mainly reflected through the market goodwill of suppliers and producers as well. In this regard, it is important to mention that this purchase activity is of paramount importance for the company as it has strategic implications and effects of the market perception of Tesco. For example, if the compan y provides low quality food items and customers regularly complain about various quality issues, this would put negative effect on the perception of the Tesco and if the negative perception continue to stay longer, the company would face serious strategic issues including drop in sales, drop in the volume of sales and other relevant

Time value of money Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time value of money - Research Paper Example One can settle for less return if he or she is certain about the offered return in a given period of time. At times, when the company is highly reputed and has never defaulted in the past in its history; investor will agree to accept slightly less return for the reason of assured returns in a given time frame. Against this, if the company’s history indicates that it does not pay in time or has defaulted in payments to its debtors then it will force us to ask for the higher return to cover up the associated risk with our capital or delayed payments. Of course, it is subjective and based on the individual judgment; nevertheless, basic framework in applying the theory about risk and returns remain the same everywhere. Besides, other prevailing parameters such as inflation, interest rates in the market do influence about our decision to settle for appropriate returns. For example, if inflation is ruling at 5 % per annum, any return less than that simply means that our money is dep reciating. In the same scenario, if the yearly return received is six percent, it means that net of inflation our real return is only 1 percent. Above concepts are being applied in answering the questions of this paper. Answer 1) Current inflation rate in U.S is about 2.25 percent and term interest rates for the deposit of one year can be taken as around 1 percent. If the bond belongs to Nvidia Corporation, the company’s financials do not pose any near term threats so far the risk factor is considered. With simple thumb rule, I will not pay more than $1850 for the bond of this company that will fetch me around $2,000 after a year from this company. (Future value, FinanceProfessor.com) Answer 2. Cash flow (maturity value) available in this case is $2,000 The time period is one year for which it is required to find the present value, which is given as PV = CF * 1/ (1+r)t PV= 1,850 CF= 2,000 t=1, putting these values in the equation, it can be solved for r (discount rate), which will give us applicable discount rate. 1+r= CF/PV 1+r=2000/1850=1.08 or r=0.08 Hence discount rate for this bond is 8 percent. (Present Value, FinanceProfessor.com) Answer 3. As competitors to Nvidia, two companies selected are Siemens and AMD. Siemens is well established and financially very sound and deals in host of products. I would consider Siemens bonds highly liquid and secured. Based on the track record of Siemens, I would agree to buy bonds from Siemens by paying slightly higher price in comparison to Nvidia. There is absolutely no chance of Siemens’ failing on the redemption payments of bonds issued. All other things remaining the same, risk factor being nil, I would agree to buy these bonds by paying more in comparison to SLP Company Nvidia. In short, I will agree to slightly less than 8 percent of return while investing with Siemens. However, the same cannot be said for AMD as performance of the company is highly fluctuating in the market quarter after quarter. A MD’s operations are in the limited field and the company certainly carries some risk of failing in its payments for the bond. To cover up my risk of losing the capital or getting the delayed payments, I would certainly look for higher returns than normal. It means that I need to buy the bonds of AMD at

Working towards Six Sigma would definitely be of great benefit to Essay

Working towards Six Sigma would definitely be of great benefit to Achiffa - Essay Example They include both hard and soft problems. The soft problems are the ones which are unstructured and therefore require further analysis before they can be resolved. Checkland (1981) Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) in terms of the seven stage approach was utilised to obtain important information and later to facilitate improvements to the existing system of operations. Based on the root definitions a conceptual model was put forward indicating the areas that need immediate improvements. It was recommended that Deming’s Plan, Do, Check, Act modelled be considered. It was also recommended that quality management be a key aspect of improving the system and that the implementation of Six Sigma be considered in future. Introduction Achiffa operations is affected by a number of problems, most of which are related. Some of these problems cannot be solved using traditional or hard approaches to problem solving. It therefore means that another approach has to be found. These problems are more related to human activities and should be carefully dealt with. SSM is a framework that has developed to deal with problems of this nature (Checkland 1981; Checkland and Scholes 1990; Checkland 1999). The role of SSM is to investigate, gain understanding and identify problems. SSM is based on system thinking in that it views the problem domain in a holistic way with the recognition that all parts of the organisation are connected. This suggests that when changes are made to one part other parts of the system will be affected (Checkland 1999). Operations at Achiffa Snack Foods Achiffa Snack Foods purchases potatoes from various suppliers for it operations. These supplies are transformed during the production process into a total of six products including fries, potato wedges and hash browns. Achiffa customers are restaurants, supermarkets. However, waste products and rejects are sold to farmers. After production the goods are transported to regional distribution centres from whi ch logistic providers - in this case FreshDist takes the products directly to the customers. The diagram below is an input-output model which provides a basic illustration of the operations at Achiffa. Input-output Model of Operations at Achiffa Snack Foods Adapted from: Kumar and Suresh (2009, p. 9) Customers are concerned about prices and so Achiffa has to ensure that the supply chain is managed in such a way that the company’s products are competitive. In order for this to be possible production has to be managed in an efficient and effective manner. Therefore the layout of the production area is very important as it helps to facilitate the smooth flow of operations. Additionally, Achiffa needs to ensure that production is planned in such a way that time is not taken up with setting up machines for processing several items in one day. The scheduling of production should also be linked to demand as well as the space available for storing the products – this is termed capacity management. It therefore means that the logistics provider would be required to work in accordance with the schedule provided for delivery. Correcting these problems would help reduce lean time by improving on time delivery, eliminate waste and reduce cost (McCreary 2009). It is important that management consistently examine as well as monitor the quality of service it provides to customers with a view to enhancing it. Achiffa should also ensure that the jobs of all persons involved in the production of its products encourage contribution to the success of the business. Arrangements should therefore be made to have enough supplies on hand so that products are replenished without undue delay. The Use of SSM to Resolve Problems at Achiffa SSM may be used to

Gendering the Development Agenda

Gendering the Development Agenda Scholars of Women’s Studies are continuously critically engaging with culturally defined gender roles and raising questions about the way we have organized ourselves, our major political and social institutions and knowledge itself. To understand the meaning that these scholars imply when they speak of gendering development agenda and the agenda itself, it becomes imperative to understand the following five forms of the interaction between feminism and development: From the above table, we can deduce that the paradigm that actually most prominently talks about gendering development is Gender and Development, though all paradigms have certain implications to this regard. [1] Since development intends to change people’s lives, individually and collectively, it takes into its purview the established structures and institutes. Overlooking relevant gender factors in macroeconomic policies and institutions can undermine the successful outcome of those very same policies and institutions as these structures have gendered dimensions which influence the processes as well as the impact of development. Therefore, it is imperative that gender perspectives, especially women’s voices and perspectives, inform policy making and development planning.[2] Gendering the development agenda makes women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences indispensable to the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all policies and programmes intended for development. It entails the embedding of gender mainstreaming and gender equality in all development agendas and asserts that without a gender perspective, development will remain but an unfinished agenda. It also talks about investing in women, not because of instrumentalism, but because of its value in its own right and their treatments subjects, not objects of policies in the political and international realm. Development policies are unlikely to be effective if disadvantaged groups in the process of development do not have the capacity to obstruct unsatisfactory policy outcomes. Therefore, planners and policy-makers must be watchful of the major aspects of socially endorsed gender functions and the specific needs of both the genders. If development policies are to be sustainable, they must consider existing gender disparities in employment, poverty, family life, health, education, the environment, public life and decision-making bodies Gendering the development agenda focusses on immediate issues like reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, discrimination, and sexual violence alongside long-term issues such as patriarchy, stereotyping, objectification, and oppression. It encompasses a retake on the definition of desirable development and the strategies needed to achieve it and rethinking of development as a masculine enterprise, throughout the planning cycle. It talks about a paradigm shift from a view of development planners in which women are vulnerable and should be provided with aid to the view in which women can be empowered actors of development and challenging the traditional balance of power. Women need not be seen as victims, but their capacities as social actors who are capable of affecting change should be acknowledged and their voices should be a part of the dialogue for an inclusive and gendered development agenda. This approach looks at women’s real problem as the imbalance of power between men and women and focuses on both women’s practical as well as strategic gender needs by challenging existing divisions of labour and power relations. Thus, gendering the development agenda uses a gender lens to formulate development and shape policy, taking into account the significance of gender relations as an organising dimension within households, communities and public policies, and the implications of the universal practice of placing women in an inferior position as compared to men. If private sector labour and credit markets alongside private process of information dissemination make it likely that women will be less mobile than men, then public mechanisms must exist to offset the bias. A gender analysis of Structural Adjustment moved the focus from UNICEF’s concern with women as a vulnerable group to an understanding of the male bias in economic policies. Gendering development agenda implies not simply conducting ‘impact’ studies and auditing of budgets without being given a chance to develop and critique content of policies and budgets with respect to gender. It denotes acceptance of gender needs, not for instrumental reasons such as ‘educate women to reduce fertility’ but for reasons in their own right such as ‘educate women so as to enhance their functionings and capabilities and expand their freedoms’. It means not only well establishing gender in development discourse, but for the extent of change in women’s lives to match the discursive landslide and the development of effective gender policies within key policy spaces and documents. It represents, not a token, partial or selective incorporation of gender into policies, but an infiltration inside development agencies of gender to combat the current development planning orthodoxies and ineffective mainstreaming and changes to goals, s trategies, actions and to organizations, institutions, cultures and behaviours. It involves taking care of not only practical gender needs but also strategic gender needs and the gender division of labour that creates those needs. It envisages a pro women agenda with women specific expenditures in the areas of water supply, sanitation, solid waste management and bus transit. Identifying gender constraints is important while formulating policy. Explaining this through an example, 30% of labor in all agricultural activities is supplied by women in India and less than 10% of women farmers own land. So over 90% of women don’t have access to information and farm support services as the traditional focus of most extension services remains the farmer-landowner,who is in a position to claim credit and invest in inputs and new technology.[3] Gender relations are specific mechanisms whereby different cultures determine the functions and relationships of each sex and their access to material resources, like land, credit and training, and ephemeral resources such as power. Gender relations manifest themselves in the form of division of labour, fiscal and financial policies, the responsibilities of family members inside and outside the home, education and opportunities for professional development and a say in policy-making.[4] Therefore, themes related to development include the inequality between genders across all areas (even those such as infrastructure and economics which are apparently ‘gender neutral’), the disproportionate amount of work done by women, and yet the absence of women in development policy or group decision making—in general, all of this being linked to the subordination of women. The development agenda, covers, but is not limited to education, health, economic participation and oppor tunity and political empowerment. It includes all areas of life and all policies – fiscal, trade, agriculture, industry, infrastructure, labor and employment. In most economies, women encounter difficulty with regard to availing credit facilities as they are unable to put collateral up the collateral that lending institutions require. Legislation doesn’t grant women with property rights at par with men or at times fails to acknowledge them as heads of household. There are also barriers for them for joining farmers associations, especially those concerned with processing and marketing.[5] Gendering the development agenda encompasses the three aspects of gendering of international development policy, the interrogation of development policy through a gender lens and the analysis of global structural change. Gendering it would involve acknowledging non-typical and changing gender roles and questioning cultural norms regarding families and households. This understanding extends the agenda from women’s reproductive roles (health, family planning, education), through economic roles (employment, income generation, household budgeting) to generic issues of macro-economic planning, environmental degradation and conservation, structural adjustment and debt and civil and political organisation. For engendering, the development agenda includes the growth model which entails perceiving women, first, as producers of economic goods by recognition which requires integrating male-female differences in their constraints and potential to development policies and second, of non-economic goods that contribute to development which entails incorporating unpaid work as a macro-economic variable which contributes to the well-being of population and in the formulation of human capital. The 11th Five Year Plan itself had a lot of provisions for gendering the development agenda. To cite an example, the Plan stated â€Å"that 85% of farmers who are small and marginal are increasingly women and who find it difficult to access the inputs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"with the share of female workforce in agriculture increasing, and increased incidence of female-headed household, women names should be recorded as cultivators in revenue records [†¦] the gender bias in institutions for information, credit, inputs, marketing should be corrected by gender-sensitizing the existing infrastructure providers; women’s co-operatives and other forms of group effort should be promoted.† It also stated that female beneficiaries must be 30% in all schemes and women’s credit fund must be set up alongside provision of women-friendly technologies and appropriate training. Another instance of a gendered approach could be the High Level Panel of Eminent Persons’ Report on the Post 2015 Development Agenda, submitted to the UN Secretary General which proposes that gender equality be integrated across all goals, both in specific targets and making sure that targets are measured separately for women and men, girls and boys. To summarize, the development agenda must consider existing gender disparities in the various aspects of development as shown on the following page: References: Pearson, Ruth (2006), Gender and Development, in Clark, David Alexander [ed], The Elgar Companion to Development Studies, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, pp189-196 Peet, Richard and Hartwick, Elaine (2009), Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives, [Second Edition], The Guilford Press, New York and London, pp240-274 Graham, C. (1994), Safety Nets, Politics and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Vivien, J. (1995), How safe are social safety nets, European Journal of Development Research, Vol 7 No 1 Young, K. (1997), Gender and Development, in N. Visvanathan, L. Duggan, L. Nisonoff N. Wiegersma [eds], The Woman, Gender and Development Reader, (pp. 51-53) National Alliance of Women (2008), Engendering the 11th Five Year Plan, 2007-2012 http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/am307e/am307e00.pdf, accessed on 4th June, 2014 http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsummit/english/fsheets/women.pdf, accessed on 4th June, 2014 http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x2919e/x2919e04.htm, accessed on 4th June, 2014 [1] It must be noted that gender, being used in this context, implies its abstract nature in terms of the absence of a concrete, visible and countable body as compared to women and its relational nature in terms of the system of relations between men and women. [2] Since gender is seen as a universal organising principle of all human activity in the social, economic and cultural realm, it is rational that gender analysis should be central to all policy and practice that is aimed at engaging with and eliminating international inequality and poverty through developmental efforts. [3] Another example for this, comes from Chile, where the introduction of a new scheme (POJH) targeting heads of household (mostly made leads, women were 25-30% of beneficiaries), and which paid 40 percent of the minimum wage, led to the feminisation of a pre-existing programme (PEM), paying only one quarter of the minimum wage. (Graham 1994; Vivien 1995). [4] For instance, gendered exclusion in a lot of sectors is linked to the public/private divide that identifies men’s role as being in the public world of politics and paid employment, and women’s in caring and child-rearing in the home. [5] A closely related instance in which women have access to credit, but access remains inadequate due to gender relations that adversely affect women is the provision of credit to low income landless women in rural Bangladesh. Research finding suggest that the official figures mask a great degree of male appropriation of women’s loans. This is found to be an outcome of women’s inability to control resources allocated to them and mediation by powerful social relations and gender ideologies that put them in a subordinate position and do not give them full autonomy.

Freedom of the Press Essay -- The First Amendment

Freedom of the press is part of the five main freedoms represented in the first amendment of the constitution of the United States. The constitution was ratified in 1791 putting freedom of the press in full development. Since then many cases have evolved with this freedom, and the freedom had some role of developing future amendments and technology in modern day. Freedom of the press had a history even before its ratification, it helped to solve many court cases, and is used throughout modern times. First of all, this is the definition of freedom of the press from lawbrain.com. Freedom of the press guarantees the rights, â€Å"to gather, publish, and distribute information and ideas without government restriction or restraint†. Also it is guaranteed that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of the press. This means that one can post his own opinions in a newspaper or a magazine and no matter what the story is, unless it does not follow the laws of libel, obscenity, or sedition it is legal to post. There have been many critics that said there is no difference between freedom of speech and freedom of the press. It was a key issue and was not resolved until the late 20th century. According to Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in 1978, there is no difference between freedom of speech and freedom of the press unless; â€Å"the courts or the government determine who or what the press is and what activities fall under its special protection†( Burger). The history of the Freedom of the Press leads to the middle 18th century, especially the Stamp Act of 1865 and the events that followed. Samuel Adams, a radical used the colonial press to resist the Stamp Act and repeal it. He succeeded and soon after the Stamp Act was repealed. After ... ...inition, Court Cases, Articles, History - LawBrain." Legal Community | LawBrain - Making Laws Accessible and Interactive. Web. 01 June 2011. . Dictionary.com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com. Web. 01 June 2011. . Branzburg v. Hayes/ New York Times v. United States/ Schenck v. United States http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_70_85 / / http://www.oyez.org/cases/1901-1939/1918/1918_437. "First Amendment Resources Freedom of Press History." Free First Amendment and Constitution Day Education Materials. Web. 01 June 2011. . "Sedition Act of 1798." Index. Web. 01 June 2011. .

Slavery and Red Stick Creeks

Tale of Angola: Free Blacks, Red Stick Creeks, and International Intrigue in Spanish Southwest Florida, 1812-1821. Tale of Angola: Free Blacks, Red Stick Creeks, and International Intrigue in Spanish Southwest Florida, 1812-1821 by Canter Brown Jr. talks about the relationship between free blacks of Florida who were also known as the maroon people fighting a long with Red Stick Creeks Indians and international help against European men to keep the black people free.Also it talks about a piece of history in the state of Florida that no one knew anything about. With the help of these people the free blacks and some slaves were able to keep their freedom. Since there where not too many documented information much of the information comes from memories of past marooners or ancestors of those who knew the free blacks and/or the Red Stick Creeks. I think that this article gives a good examples on how black people and Indians fought together and formed military tactics to have the only slav e revolt in US history.According to article, Individuals who had arrived from the United States after the Revolutionary War who were unsuccessful of overthrowing Spain rule in the colony started the Patriot war of 1812-1814. The text states that in September 1812 Seminoles and blacks allied with Spain turned back a patriot advance only to run away when they thought that the white men would return. After hearing about the people called Angola which spread within the Spanish empire and also to the British, not only did These blacks also received help from Indians they also was helped by two British officers named Edward Nicolls and George Woodbine.These two men helped to created Florida’s second free- black refuge of the period and helped them bill a fortified outpost known as Negro Fort. These men and women got guns and weapons from the British and Spanish connections. They learned how to use them and the Indians knew the land so it was easy for them to escape capture. They la unched a series of diplomatic initiatives. In 1819 the Spanish tried to protect blacks and Indians by agreeing to the Adams-onis Treaty that transferred the colonies of east and west Florida to the united states by utting a certain language in the pact. Even though this did not work it showed that Spain was trying to use political power to help them. Also, many of times after these attacks on these people the ones who could get away to safety got picked up by fisherman and taken to the Bahamas were British officials allowed them to stay. This was a good article to read because I don’t know too much about Florida’s history because I am not from here and I never heard of the Angola people.I found it interesting that British and the Spanish tried to help. I always wondered why slaves in America never tried to revolt against slavery cause the history I know only talks about certain people who tried to revolt. It was always made to believe that black slaves and Indians were to dum to from an army. Weather all this information is true or not because most of it is told from second hand stories and can not be accounted for, but I would like to believe that the natives did fight with the free blacks and slaves to save each other.Jackson, David H. , and Canter Brown. â€Å"Tale of Angola: Free Blacks, Red Stick Creeks, and International Intrigue in Spanish Southwest Florida, 1812-1821. † Go Sound the Trumpet! : Selections in Florida's African American History. Tampa, FL: University of Tampa for the Florida A & M University Dept. of History, Political Science/Public Administration, Geography, and African American Studies, 2005. 5-18. Print. Jessica Geralds AMH 2091. 7 Response Paper 1 09/11/2012

Face of War

The Face of War There are many different forms of artwork that can depict moments in my life. Many musical compositions, sculptures, and architecture, that express the trials and tribulations that I have endured in my lifetime. There is one piece of artwork that I find to be a complete expression of my entire life. Although â€Å"The Face of War† by Salvador Dali was influenced by tragedy in times of war; I have a different view on the painting. The painting itself shows a head that was severed from the body, lying in the sand. The head which looks withered has an expression on it of pain and misery. Its eyes and mouth are filled with identical faces all of which are surrounded by serpents tugging and biting at the rotting heads. to me the painting symbolizes many facets of human experience. It symbolizes pain, death, loss, frustration and despair. All of which I have experienced in dealing with low self-esteem, acceptance issues, and lack of motivation to accomplish anything. I am 30 years old and am just deciding what I want to do for the rest of my life. I have experienced pain in more ways than most people will be able imagine. From the constant loss of loved ones, to the emotional pain and physical pain inflicted on myself as well as the physical pain and emotional pain that has been inflicted by loved ones. Moments of despair and frustration have brought me to seek comfort in pain and suffering. I see the painting and it screams out to me speaking a constant struggle with one's feelings, a war inside that no one can see, and the infinite battle within myself that will either make me or break me. This piece of art has a great cultural value as it represents a period of time in which war was a big issue and everyone was feeling the consequences that war brings. It symbolized the pain of the people that were directly and indirectly involved with these tragedies.

The Grieving Process of Holden Caulfield Essays - Literature

The Grieving Process of Holden Caulfield Essays - Literature The Grieving Process of Holden Caulfield Everyone has a different response to traumatic events and come up with different ways of coping with the emotions that go along with it. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield embodies several stages of the grieving process. The main ones consistently seen throughout the novel include anger, denial and depression. He displays these stages through his actions and especially through his words. He progresses through the stages beginning with anger and then leading into a combination of denial and depression. The stage of depression hits Holden the hardest, with his mental state getting worse and worse as time goes on. Towards the end of the novel he has hit his lowest point and essentially spiraled out of control. However, by the very end of the novel he seems to be nearing the stage of acceptance slightly. The first stage that Holden appears to have gone through is anger. This stage hit him very quickly, and began the night that Allie died. Holden explains how he was so upset that he decided to sleep in the garage and then out of anger and sadness ends up breaking all the windows in the garage. "I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it. I even tried to break all the windows on the station wagon we had that summer, but my hand was already broken and everything by that time, and I couldn't do it," (Salinger 44). This was Holden's way of dealing with Allie's death. He lashed out and couldn't accept the fact that his brother was gone. This led his parents to begin to worry about him and his reaction to Allie's death. Holden even mentions that they were considering having him psychoanalyzed due to the incident and all the damage he had caused. This event also caused even bigger problems for Holden in the long run becau se he never attended Allie's funeral. He was stuck in the hospital and never got to go and say his goodbyes. So he never got any closure with Allie's death, leading him to continue through the stages of the grieving process. It leads him to remain in denial at Allie's death and pushes him to become more and more depressed. The next stage that Holden goes through is denial. This is one of the stages that is very apparent throughout the novel and kind of goes hand in hand with the depression stage. It is made obvious that Holden has not accepted Allie's death due to the numerous times that Holden says he still pretends Allie is there and has conversations with him. He uses the idea of Allie as sort of a protector and someone he could turn to when he was scared or just needed someone to talk to. This is exemplified when Holden is becoming extremely depressed and fearing that every time he crossed the road he wouldn't make it to the other side: Every time I'd get to the end of a block I'd make believe I was talking to my brother Allie. I'd say to him, Allie, don't let me disappear. Allie, don't let me disappear. Allie, don't let me disappear. Please, Allie. And then when I'd reach the other side of the street without disappearing, I'd thank him. Then it would start all over again as soon as I got to the next corner. But I kept going and all. I was sort of afraid to stop, I think - I don't remember, to tell you the truth. (Salinger 218) Holden becomes so entrenched in believing that he's speaking to Allie that it helps him to make it across the street. However, this shows how deeply he has fallen into this world of depression and the degree of how much he's still in denial over Allie's death. Another instance that Holden displays the denial of Allie's death is when he returns home to talk to Phoebe. She asks him to name one thing he actually likes and he fails to think of anything other than Allie. It's like Holden's entire world still revolves

An Essential Requirement for Effective Leadership Essay

An Essential Requirement for Effective Leadership - Essay Example The art of war, in turn, was governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field. These were: the Moral Law; Heaven; Earth; the Commander (leader) and method and discipline. The Commander (leader) stood for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness. These virtues gelled perfectly with the five cardinal virtues of the Chinese philosophy i.e. humanity or benevolence; uprightness of mind; self-respect, self-control, or "proper feeling;" wisdom and sincerity or good faith. It may be observed that in contrast to the virtues enunciated for a commanding leader the virtues of "wisdom" and "sincerity" are put before "humanity or benevolence," and the two military virtues of "courage" and "strictness" are substituted for "uprightness of mind" and "self-respect, self-control, or 'proper feeling' in this civilian version. Rosenthal explains in his Tao Te Ching's translation that while a sage leader is just, thoughtful, profound, kind, sincere and aims at competence in management while ensuring even pacing of his moves; additionally a wise leader would recognize that the nature is not contrived and all that which is required to be done is to be achieved .In order to save his energies a wise leader replaces desires with dispassion and lets all actions flow through natural energy. Such a leader knows that more is still required to be done and more actions should follow but he does not let such actions rush in with deliberate intent and in fact maintains no intention. To act without contrived intent is to act without contriving, which is natural way and the way of the Tao.As against this a Machiavellian system of governance implies being like, or befitting Machiavelli. In such a system governance acts in accordance with the principles of government analyzed in Machiavelli's The Prince, in which political expediency is placed above morality and the use of craft and deceit to maintain the authority and carry out the policies of a ruler is described. This system is characterized by subtle or unscrupulous cunning, deception, expediency, or dishonesty (The Random, 1997). Thus while the Chinese Confucianism emphasizes the virtues of honesty, justice, integrity, peace, humanity, etc. ;according to Machiavelli, if a prince always act only according to these virtues he will not last long. Machiavelli suggests that a prince at times must know how to be dishonest, when to use war for advantage, when to use tumults - even start it. Machiavelli also suggests that a prince must know how to act like a fox. Thus while Tao s tyle of leadership and the military leadership of Sun Tzu were both essentially aligned to a positive value system based in the Chinese philosophy the Machiavellian system was contrived ,expedient and the leadership was defined to conniving, self centered and narrow and totally focused on ends rather than means. In today's competitive and globalized commercial business the modern leadership styles have evolved around the more towards the Sun Tzu and Tao systems rather than Machiavellian system; the prime reasons being that all serious businesses

Concept Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Concept Paper - Assignment Example This results in a gap in their performance as they attempt to perform their role as a leader. (Boak, 2001) The context of my study is to evaluate the need for the restructuring of leadership training in retail management. The need for competent leaders is a bare necessity in the modern retail industry and an essential pre-requisite for its sustenance and growth. The need for able leadership in the retail sector was upheld in the ‘Retail Davos’- the Retail Leadership Forum held on the 13th and14th of September 2011. This event hosted by the global business advisory giants like Goldman Sachs, Korn/Ferry International and OC&C Strategy Consultants, discussed the role of leadership in the modern era of retailing. According to the speakers at the forum, the retail leaders in future will require â€Å"a new set of leadership skills in order to adapt to the changing dynamics in the fact paced industry.† (Harrison, 2011) This has become a pressing issue on the regional as well as global level. And this is what makes this research problem a matter of substantial business interest. In the present business era marked by fierce competition, many global and local retailers are awakening to realize their most critical survival challenge in the forthcoming years. Already caught in the cobweb of competition, pricing, consumer preferences and global extension, the new challenge that has baffled the retail industry is the need for competent leaders. (Florida, 2006; Higgs, 2001; Stalk, 1992) The retail heads across the world have understood that in order to achieve successful organizational growth, it is vital to find and engage the right leadership. (Lengnick-Hall, 2003; Shim, 2002) Studies in retail leadership conducted by Korn/Ferry in collaboration with the World Retail Congress have shown that the lack of right leadership talent can severely affect the development and expansion of retailers, thereby hampering their business growth. (Morel-Curran, 2008) My study